Essay --

Mouse remains the most reliable species of choice to study the mechanism underlying in mammalian species. It is because they breed quickly, and their genetics are well understood. Aim: The principal aim of first research paper is to study the over expression level of miRNA -27b that induces cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. The primary aim of the second research paper is to show how miRNA -212 and miR-132 expression regulates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac myocyte autophagy. Methods: A 500bp genomic fragment comprising the miR-27b control region was amplified by PCR and ligated into adenoviral vector to generate Ad-miR-27b using 293A cells for cloning and expression of miRNAs. Transgenic mouse was created by amplifying the fragment flanking miR-27b which is then subcloned into an expression vector comprising human growth hormone poly A signal and ÃŽ ±-MHC promoter. Genotyping of the mouse is done by isolating genomic DNA from mouse tail by biosepsis followed by its amplification by PCR using specific primers. Western blotting is carried out on myocardial isolates and cardiac function was determined by echocardiography. All the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Primary cardiomycetes were generated from neonatal mice/rat using a standard protocol. By cloning the whole miR-212/132 genomic locus (3.4kb) downstream of cytomegalovirus promoter within the pTARGET vector, an expression construct is generated which was used for the transfection of H9c2 cell lines. Transgenic mice showing the overexpression levels of miR-212/132 was generated by cloning 486bp genome encoding the hairpin stem loop downstream to 3rd exon sequence of ÃŽ ±-MHC gene and upstream of hGH poly A signal sequence. TAC was performe... ...analyzed for the over expression levels of miR 212 and miR 132 in heart tissue by reverse transcription PCR (fig.2b). However, the mouse were born normally but their life expectancy was reduced to 84 and 119 for Fam23 and Fam43 respectively (fig 2c). Their heart to body weight ratio has shown significant increase in heart mass at different ages. The upregulation of miR-212 and miR-132 witnessed the increased expression level of cardiac stress markers ANP and BNP ultimately resulting in the development of heart failure (fig. s3 bc). Evaluation of cardiac function in both transgenic and wild type mice is done by echocardiography, where end systolic and end diastolic of LV dilation was significantly observed in transgenic mice. Further, hemodynamic analysis confirmed impaired function of heart in transgenic mice. MiR-212 and miR-132 directly regulate FoxO3 expression:

Brief Introduction of the Issues In the Meeting

Aim at the irregular trade between the Saving Drugs Corporation and the European Union, I have taken down the introduction about the issues and want to turn to you for help. It will not just concern the company’s profit but also the immigrants’ who arrive in Southern Europe each year. Actually, the European Union is devastating to Saving Drugs Corporation’s business plan to import less costly pediatric polio drugs manufactured by Saving Drugs Corporation into the European Union.By using the measure of imposing a 100% tax on pediatric polio drugs of whose country of origin is other than one within the European Union or a former colony of an EU member in Africa or Asia, they can hinder Saving Drugs Corporation’s plan going on smoothly. In fact, it is not conformed to the common law. Tariff is used to limit exotic products and protect one country’s own products. Besides, it can also weaken the competition of other countries’ goods and prevent th em against taking up the whole market. However, if one country raises the rate of tariff to 100%, it is not normal at all.â€Å"When the rate of tariff reaches one hundred percentages or several hundred percentages, it is a kind of Protective Duties. † Miecha just wants to warn the European Union of the high tariff rate, and they must take it into account and change the tariff rate. Besides, Miecha believes this is a blatant violation of the antidiscrimination provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) known as the national treatment rule, and she asserts the aim-and-effect of the EU tax is to discriminate against non-European immigrants.We should treat each man equally. â€Å"One should not lightly dismiss the inherent unfairness of, and the perception of mistreatment that accompanies a system of allocating benefits and privileges on the basis of skin color and ethnic origin. † Although the immigrants are not your own citizens, you still need to tr eat them as well as local people. The country should pay attention to their living conditions, work environment, healthy situation. If their fundamental conditions cannot be met, it is not good for the country’s stability and development.The European Union should not discriminate against non-European immigrants. In addition, WATT is concerned about the tariff and trade between countries, and it plays an important role in regulating and harmonizing the relationship of each other. For example, with the help of WATT, â€Å"Uruguay has lowered its industrial products’ tariff from 5% to 4%. † Under the WATT’s regulation, the tariff barriers could be solved much better. It is not conducive to international trade to raise the tariff too high; on the contrary, it will hinder and decrease the cooperation between different companies.Usually, we can work out the protective tariff rate by a formula: first, we use the domestic market price of the import products minus the international market price of the import products; second, we use the result of the above divide the international market price of the import products and then multiply 100%, and that is the appropriate tariff rate. If the European Union can formulate the correct tariff rate, Saving Drugs Corporation will keep a good relationship and cooperate with it.What is more, European Union’s policy will result in the burden to immigrants. Once the import tariff rises, the price to sale in the market will be higher at the same time. It is a kind of saving product, and the major purpose is to help those who live a hard life. If European Union still keeps the high tariff, it is not the Saving Drugs Corporation’s loss but also the poor immigrants’ loss too. The major purpose to have a meeting with congresswoman is ensuring that no WTO member would enact a measure that blatantly violated an international trade treaty.We should use the rules of WTO and WATT to protect the profit of the Saving Drugs Corporation whose drugs are intended for distribution to the over 20,000 African, sub-Saharan and the undocumented immigrants who arrive in Southern Europe each year. Each law in the world is based on the human nature, that is, people’s reasonable and legal profits will protected by the law. Nevertheless, if European Union still imposes the 100% tax on pediatric polio drugs, both the company and the poor immigrants will be harmed greatly.What we need most is a statement of the relevant rules of law needed to resolve the issue, a statement of the court’s holding on each issue, and a statement of the steps of the court’s reasoning in applying the rules to the facts to resolve each issue. I will wait for your answer and all of us wish it would be an impartial and reasonable decision. Bibliography: 1. Xiang Yijun, 2002, International Trade and Theory, Beijing: Chinese Agricultural Press 2. Frank I. Michelman, 2004, the Harvard Law Review, Reasonable Umbrage, V. 117 No. 5, Page1378 3. Tramy, 2004, GATT and WTO, http://tramy. blogdriver. com/tramy/94001. html

1993 Dbq New England vs. Chesapeake - 1314 Words

New England vs. Chesapeake While both the people of the New England region and of the Chesapeake region descended from the same English origin, by 1700 both regions had traveled in two diverse directions. Since both of these groups were beset with issues that were unique to their regions and due to their exposure to different circumstances, each was forced to rethink and reconstruct their societies. As a result, the differences in the motivation, geography, and government in the New England and Chesapeake regions caused great divergence in the development of each. As the regions began to expand and develop, their motivations for settlement helped to mold their societies. New England was a place where men sought refuge from religious†¦show more content†¦Since land meant power in the Chesapeake, a rigid social hierarchy was developed as well, completely in contrast with the society of the New England region. These contrasts were brought about by the positive and negative impacts off the geography in each region. It strongly influenced the New England and Chesapeake regions in unique and separate ways. The Chesapeake also had its own obstacle brought about by nature. Diseases such as dysentery, malaria, and typhoid struck hard, cutting off numerous years of life expectancy for the people of the Chesapeake. Since health is a major concern for a developing colony, disease in a colony tends to eat at the morale of a town. This was demonstrated in the Chesapeake where disease cost many colonists their lives, especially women, leaving many men frustrate with little hope for having families. This harsh reality along with the arduous voyage decreased the amount of women and children who immigrated to the region (Doc C,F). Unlike their Southern counterparts, New England was healthier and not ravaged by disease. The cleaner conditions increased the colonists’ life expectancy by several years. Because of the thriving conditions of the New England society, many English emigrants emigrated with their entire family, as exemplified in Document B, â€Å"Joseph Hull†¦Agnes Hull, his w ife†¦Joan Hull, his daughter†¦Joseph Hull, his son†. Unlike most Chesapeake children who would be lucky if they lived to see both their parents, the New